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  Climate Change and Pakistan: An Existential Threat Demanding Urgent Governance Reforms Introduction Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges of the twenty-first century, transcending borders and disproportionately affecting vulnerable nations. Pakistan, despite contributing less than one percent to global greenhouse gas emissions, ranks among the most climate-vulnerable countries in the world. Rising temperatures, erratic monsoon patterns, glacial melting, floods, droughts, and food insecurity have transformed climate change from an environmental issue into an existential threat. The severity of its impact underscores the urgent need for governance reforms, adaptive capacity building, and climate-resilient development strategies. Pakistan’s Climate Vulnerability: A Structural Reality Pakistan’s geographical and socio-economic conditions make it exceptionally susceptible to climate change. The country hosts one of the largest non-polar glacial syste...

 Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time, and Pakistan is among the countries most vulnerable to its impacts. Located in South Asia, Pakistan is home to a diverse range of ecosystems, from the rugged mountains of the north to the arid deserts of the south. However, the country's unique geography and rapidly growing population make it increasingly susceptible to the effects of climate change. One of the most significant impacts of climate change in Pakistan is the increase in temperature. Over the past few decades, the country has experienced a steady rise in temperatures, with an average increase of 0.5°C since the 1960s. This may seem like a small change, but it has significant consequences, particularly in the agricultural sector. Warmer temperatures lead to earlier springs, altered growing seasons, and increased frequency of heatwaves, all of which can devastate crops and livestock. Another major impact of climate change in Pakistan is the change in precipi...